This book attempts to gain a new insight into the world of Philosophy.

Taftāzānī, Masʻūd ibn ʻUmar, 1322-1389?. Tahdhīb al-manṭiq wa-al-kalām.

The present article deals with reported speech as an element of argumentation in the newspaper discourse of Great Britain viewed in the unity of its syntactic and semantic characteristics and argumentative functions. Theoretically, the research is based on the dialogic understanding of quotations, the dialogue theory by Bakhtin and contemporary argumentation theory. The proposed integral approach to reported speech combining linguistics with logic and argumentation theory revealed the relations between purely linguistic characteristics of reported speech with its functioning in argumentative (...) discourse of contemporary British press. (shrink)

Метою роботи є визначення особливостей вертепу на теренах Гуцульщини у XX–XXI столітті. Наукова новизна даного дослідження полягає у тому, що у порівняльній ретроспективі досліджено особливості вертепу на Гуцульщині. Зроблено висновок, що театральне мистецтво «Вертепу» є пізнішим елементом різдвяно-новорічних свят, і він позначений значним впливом християнської релігії. Встановлено, що на період ХХ – початку ХХІ ст. ці театралізовані дійства стали структурними частинами циклу зимових свят на Гуцульщині. Визначено, що вертеп трансформувався у напрямку переосмислення сучасних подій, однак основна ідея вертепу – це (...) перемога добра над злом, допомога Спасителя, залишилися підґрунтям для розробки та втілення сценарію. Методологія дослідження визначена метою статті, тому використані діалектичний, аналітичний, функціональний методи для з’ясування особливостей сучасного вертепу, його дійових осіб, сценаріїв; функціонально-інструментальний метод допоміг дослідити трансформації, які склалися у сучасному дійстві «вертеп». (shrink)

Characterizing the first- and third-person perspectives is essential to the study of consciousness, yet we lack a rigorous definition of or criteria for these two perspectives. Our intuitive understanding of how personal pronouns help to specify the perspectives gives rise to mutually exclusive notions of the first-person perspective. This contradiction thwarts our progress in studying consciousness. We can resolve the current ambiguity of the first-person perspective by introducing a new distinction between the first-person and third-person perspectives, based on two modes (...) of consciousness: reflective and non-reflective. The purpose of this paper is to explain this new proposal, to elucidate the grounds for it, and to briefly suggest benefits from its use. (shrink)

New prospects for mankind in searching for and developing new sources of energy, arms race, overcrowding and ecological crises present the human with a serious choice. The choice may relate to the further existence of people on Earth. In the context of most challenging political, economic and social crises, the tandem of natural and human sciences produces unexpected results, despite the crises accompanying these processes. This article presents a model of the society and a model of the human in the (...) systemic parametrical aspect. The human is considered as part of the “society” system. The research suggests applying the systems parametric method developed by Prof. A. Uyemov in the 1960s. Humanity creates increasingly frequent bifurcation conditions for human life. As an adaptive mechanism, the human has to develop survival strategies and well-being strategies. The paper presents some aspects of the adaptive mechanisms of the 21st century man. It also considers some threats arising out of environmental variability. Cyborgization is one of such threats. The research includes dual system modelling of the “society” system based on the complementarity principle. It shows that there are two definitions which have different concepts, structures and substrates but constitute the entirety of the object of interest. (shrink)

The system-parametric method developed by A. Uyemov allows creating a model of the contemporary bifurcational reality. There are many terms adopted from other sciences which are often used in postmodern philosophy. Bifurcation is one of such terms adopted from synergetics. In this article emphasis is placed on the contemporary time which is bifurcational in its essence. Using the key thesis of the systems method which states that any object can be presented as a system, we propose to create a model (...) of social ladenness. The mere fact that ladenness exists, makes the system of crisis nature. The social ladenness is defined using system descriptors. This definition contains the concept, the structure, and the substrate of the object and analysis of their elements. Consistence and hierarchical arrangement of the descriptors is the social ladenness model under discussion. The elements identified in the social ladenness model are the economic, political, technical, ecological, religious, creative and bifurcation impact. We identified some markers of human existence in the community system. The coronavirus pandemic is used as an example to demonstrate the way the bifurcation society system model can be built in order to find solutions to overcome the social and individual crises. (shrink)

У статті розглянуто питання особливостей глобалізаційного процесу на прикладі китайської традиційної культури. Зокрема автор зосереджує увагу на актуальному для сучасного філософського дискурсу питанні щодо способів поєднання нацією принципів культурної та соціальної традиційності зі світовими тенденціями постмодерного індустріального суспільства. Доводиться на прикладі китайської традиції, що на даному етапі розвитку Китаю вдається успішно застосовувати позитивні тенденції глобалізації у своїх національних інтересах, зокрема економічних, не втрачаючи при цьому культурної національної ідентичності. Автор обстоює думку, що ядром етнічної ідентичності китайців, їхньої несхожості на представників будь-яких (...) інших культур, стало конфуціанство, яке являє собою фундаментальне етико-соціальне вчення, що століттями формувало суспільні, культурні, моральні тощо цінності китайського етносу. Конфуціанська культура заснована на світському понятті «доброчесного мужа», носія головних моральних властивостей: справедливості і гуманності. Автор доходить висновку, що засадничим принципом глобальних процесів щодо китайської культури є опертя виключно на національні традиційні ментальні образи, які є навіки сталими, перманентними і непорушними. Стверджується, що сучасний стан інтеграційних та інноваційних процесів китайського суспільства має своєю передумовою активний пошук способів і шляхів розвитку соціокультурних інновацій на тлі економічної та культурної глобалізації, прагнення до модернізації та індустріалізації власної економіки та суспільства з метою розвитку його внутрішніх потреб, спираючись виключно на цінності традиційної культури. (shrink)

У статті проаналізовано основні перешкоди інвестиційно-інноваційного розвитку України. Досліджено рівень відповідності міжнародним рейтингам інноваційності вітчизняної економіки. Наведено досвід країн світу щодо реалізації моделей інноваційної політики уряду й засобів для підтримки інновацій. Показано, що для активізації інноваційної діяльності в українських умовах необхідно визначити найбільш проривні напрямки, які на відповідному етапі свого життєвого циклу будуть потребувати найменшого обсягу інвестицій для максимального соціального та економічного ефекту. Акцентовано, що для вирішення проблеми інвестиційно-інноваційного розвитку необхідно стимулювати попит на наукомістку продукцію; забезпечити його зростання може держава (...) в контексті структурної модернізації економіки. (shrink)

The twelfth century, the first decade, has become an extremely serious test for those branches of science who consider researching religious conflicts as their competence - primarily for the sociology of religion and conflict science. The latter were forced to admit that the classical conflictological tradition on which they based their theoretical intelligence practically lost their heuristic opportunities. These industries were faced with the urgent need to develop new paradigms, with plural, viable and competing, capable of explaining and describing not (...) simply - using the statements of statements - "increasing the role of the religious factor in international events," but the growing impact of religious conflicts on social systems of different levels. Therefore, the subject of broad religious studies discussions are quite painful problems: how to deviate from stereotypes in the methodological analysis of modern processes of transformation of religion as a whole and global systems of interreligious relations; what theoretical and methodological means will enable new approaches to the knowledge of religious conflicts and, most importantly, the principles of governance; how to prevent a rapid obsolete and heuristic "deterioration" of the conceptual apparatus; how to slow down the pace with which knowledge loses its relevance, and so on. (shrink)

In the article the author highlights the different objective and subjective factors that have determined the tragic, controversial dimensions of destiny, personal evolution, social and ideological consequences of the reformer’s activities.

The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that new processes of informatization of society are unfolding in the conditions of new technological breakthroughs, which requires the formation of the concept of digital economy and digital management as components of the creation of an ecologically balanced and socially oriented economy, which aims at increasing the well-being of the population and improving the ecology of the population. The purpose of the study is to conceptualize the digital economy and digital (...) management in the face of new technological breakthroughs as a factor in the emergence of an environmentally balanced and socially-oriented economy, as one of the biggest challenges facing developed countries is sustainable unemployment, growing property inequality, rapid climate change and stochasticity of information. An analysis of the latest research and publications that address this issue. In the works of Maxton Graham and Randers Joergen “In search of prosperity. Managing Economic Development for Reducing Unemployment and Climate Change ”. In the second half of the twentieth century evidence has emerged of the exhaustion of global natural resources and the limited assimilation capabilities of the planetary ecosystem. The revolutionary work of the new vision was the first report by the Roman Club "Limits of Growth" by Donnelly and Dennis Meadows and Jorgen Randers, which forced them to reflect on the physical limits of human growth. “The limits of growth. 30 Years Later ”is an updated study based on new data on trends in the development of human civilization, improvements in the model and methodology of system dynamics and modern computer capabilities. Scientific novelty of the research is the identification of problems of interaction of the person, society, information in the conditions of new technological breakthroughs and conditions of overcoming the problems of stochastic information that contribute to the formation of a new concept of digital economy and digital management. Research results. The conditions of formation of the concept of digital economy and digital management in the conditions of new technological breakthroughs, on the basis of which the creation of a digital society is revealed. A new mission of digital economy and digital management is revealed, which should change the dominant essence of social philosophy, which underlies the great role of scientific and technological achievements that transform our reality. Conclusion - The formation of the concept of digital economy and digital management challenges many economic and managerial notions of new technological breakthroughs that underpin the "boundaries of growth" and the formation of digital society. (shrink)

Why does one need creativity? On a personal level, improvisation with available resources is needed for online coping with unforeseen environmental stimuli when existing knowledge and apparent action strategies do not work. On a cultural level, the exploitation of existing cultural means and norms for the deliberate production of novel and valuable artifacts is a basis for cultural and technological development and extension of human action possibilities across various domains. It is less clear, however, how creativity develops and how exactly (...) one arrives at generating new action possibilities and producing multiple alternative action strategies using familiar objects. In this theoretical paper, we first consider existing accounts of the creative process in the Alternative Uses Task and then present an alternative interpretation, drawing on sociocultural views and an embodied cognition approach. We explore similarities between the psychological processes underlying the generation of new uses in the Alternative Uses Task and children’s pretend play. We discuss possible cognitive mechanisms and speculate how the generation of new action possibilities for common objects in pretend play can be related to adults’ ability to generate new action strategies associated with object use. Implications for creativity development in humans and embodied artificial agents are discussed. (shrink)

Extraordinary extended lampbrush chromosomes with thousands of transcription loops are favorable objects in chromosome biology. Chromosomes become lampbrushy due to unusually high rate of transcription during oogenesis. However, until recently, the information on the spectrum of transcribed sequences as well as genomic context of individual chromomeres was mainly limited to tandemly repetitive elements. Here we briefly outline novel findings and future directions in lampbrush chromosome studies in the post‐genomic era. We emphasize the fruitfulness of combining genome‐wide approaches with microscopy imaging (...) techniques using lampbrush chromosomes as a remarkable model object. We believe that new data on the spectrum of sequences transcribed on the lateral loops of lampbrush chromosomes and their structural organization push the boundaries in the discussion of their biological role. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/zexoHfzX9rM. (shrink)

Against the background of Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, the question of an effective cultural policy that would support national identity, contribute to the purification of consciousness from propaganda myths and preserve the heritage of Ukrainian culture is becoming more acute. Since cultural policy is related to both aesthetic-artistic and cultural-anthropological dimensions of social life, in order to identify the effective influence of cultural policy on dominant social practices, it is necessary to find out the universal principles of its functioning. (...) The purpose of this article is to identify the relevant philosophical and methodological basis of cultural policy for modern Ukrainian realities. Based on the fundamental ideas of Richard Rorty’s pragmatic philosophy and his analysis of cultural policies, the generally accepted nature of the inferential approach to social reality on the part of individual social groups was ascertained. The variability of cultural policy depending on the type of social organization community/society is demonstrated. In small social groups of the authoritarian type, social epistemological authority is mediated by the individual preferences of the leader of this group, so the tools of cultural policy are weak (patriarchal family, religious or political sect). An authoritarian or totalitarian mass society shows a high propensity for linguistic practices of propaganda, which can be seen as an extreme distorted form of cultural politics. In democratic societies, cultural policy is able to harmonize social life, improving its practices and building a value-symbolic world that constitutes culture in a broad sense. The social institute of education has all the tools, including digital ones, to shape the necessary social practices and educate a critical thinker who is able to generate conceptual knowledge, i.e. see relationships and be aware. Openness in decision-making, interaction of expert groups, public discussions are necessary elements for an effective cultural policy, which should be different from “cultural management”. Creative cultural industries play an important role in modern popular culture societies, and these industries significantly strengthen the economic component of social life. Public projects and initiatives effectively help to preserve Ukrainian culture, influence the level of awareness of Ukrainians and the economic well-being of our country. (shrink)

Тема свободи є наскрізною для західної філософської традиції. Питання її тлумачення бентежило філософський дискурс Заходу з часів античності, находило свої варіанти у Середньовіччі, трансформувалося в Нові часи. У сучасному вигляді, але в мультиверсному розумінні, представлено постмодерністською філософською традицією. Автор статті порушує питання розуміння поняття «свобода» східною філософською традицією на прикладі раннього конфуціанства. Відзначається, що розуміння теми свободи у філософії у Давньому Китаю докорінно відрізняється від західного. Пояснюється, що терміна «свобода» в давній китайській традиції власне не існувало. Це поняття розумілося філософськими (...) течіями Китаю як само собою зрозуміле, а щодо конфуціанської традиції воно розчинялось у головних для неї питаннях – про природу людину та способи гідної соціальної взаємодії. (shrink)

The article examines the extent and forms of discrimination against Christian minorities; determines tendency to it strengthen in the future.

У статті розглянута методика визначення синергійного ефекту в процесі прийняття управлінських рішень. Зроблено розрахунок коефіцієнта синергії, що дозволяє врахувати потенційні можливості, які можуть бути використані для більш ефективного управління підприємством.

One of the essential features of the history of Islam and Muslim religious spirituality is the cult of knowledge. Islam has developed a completely different model of the relationship between faith and knowledge, knowledge of God and knowledge of the universe, religion, and science than that which was characteristic of Christianity. For centuries, this difference will be startling: we will see the European civilization, where the church authorities brutally destroyed the germs of free thought and scientific thought and Muslim civilization, (...) where the cult of knowledge acquired a sacred dimension. The widespread development of medieval Muslim culture, science and art, which has made a significant contribution to the development of world scientific thought, has been posited as the embodiment of Muslims in the life of one of the main religious duties - the acquisition of knowledge, since the path to knowledge is interpreted in Islam as a way to comprehend power and the mercy of the Almighty. "There is no better worship for Allah than gaining knowledge" - it will be written on Maktabas and madrasah. Teachers and students will quote the verses of the Qur'an: "O Lord! Increase my knowledge "! Each new Muslim ruler - from the Caliph to his advisers and ministers - had to build a mosque, his own mausoleum and... a library. (shrink)

Aim: To carry out an appropriate overview and inventory of the teaching of ethics within the European Union Schools of Medicine. Methods: A questionnaire was sent by email to 45 randomly selected medical schools from each of 23 countries in the European Union in February 2006. Results: 25 schools of medicine from 18 European countries were included (response rate = 56%). In 21 of 25 medical schools, there was at least one ethics module. In 11 of 25 medical schools, the (...) teaching of ethics was transversal. Only one of the responding schools did not teach ethics. The mean time invested in ethics teaching was 44 h during the overall curriculum. Conclusions: Ethics now has an established place within the medical curriculum throughout the European Union. However, there is a notable disparity in programme characteristics among schools of medicine. (shrink)

Half a century has passed since the time of the Second Vatican Council - half a century for which a significant part of the world has unrecognizably changed - many-sided and trivial global processes have unfolded; new outlines of world civilization have emerged, geographic boundaries and demographic scales of religions have changed - but because of this, the Roman Catholic Church by the mouths of its head and the highest spiritual pastor of Pope Benedict XVI defines the Second Vatican Council (...) as "the most important ecclesiastical event of the 20th century". (shrink)

Since the beginning of the 1990s, the progressive growth and activity of various denominations, the controversial and turbulent processes of organizational development of religious and church life have become the object of close attention of sociologists and religious scholars. Statistical and sociological data have convincingly shown that the quantitative composition of religious communities and the number of existing denominations has increased ten times, that the religiosity of the Ukrainian population has become a mass phenomenon, and in the public consciousness and (...) public opinion there have been significant shifts in the credibility of the Church's religious values. As a result, an increasing number of scholars have firmly argued for the era of “religious revival” in Ukraine. (shrink)

The subject of our consideration was the question of the essence and specifics of the implementation of the communicative-translation function by the religion. Tasks put forward within the division: 1) characterize the specifics and structure of religious communication in the paradigm of the general theory of communication; 2) analyze the transformations of religious communication in the modern age; 3) highlight the specifics of the communicative and translated function of religion and the directions of its transformation in a globalized world.

In an ordinary interaction, communicants have various, mostly unconscious goals which reflect their interactional, social and personal needs. In these interactions, people’s minds try to find a balance between reaching these goals and consuming cognitive energy. If a speaker puts too little effort into speech production, she risks not achieving her communicative goals. This is especially typical when the atmosphere is relaxed, a good example of which is family discourse. An analysis of recorded conversations shows that there are certain regular (...) manifestations of risk-taking in family discourse, such as expressing immature thoughts, raising a large variety of topics and overguessing. A substantial amount of risk-taking in family discourse is in one way or another connected with false confidence in the interlocutors’ common ground. Family members know each other well, which results in an overestimation of the similarity of their understanding of words and objects. This attitude leads them to use cryptic, hard-to-comprehend speech. Quick, everyday interactions are mostly automated, and the speakers do not recognise that their speech is full of implicitness and underdeterminacy. (shrink)

Dr. Mashbad Al-Allaf presents and interprets the ideas and philosophy of the major figures of Islamic philosophy.

Averroës, 1126-1198; Islamic philosophy.